Dzisiejsza sesja w odróżnieniu od kilku ostatnich obfitowała w publikacje istotnych danych makroekonomicznych.
Miniony tydzień na rynku złotego upłynął pod znakiem lekkiej korekty notowań polskiej waluty.
Kończący się tydzień rozpoczął się od umocnienia złotego, ale przez większą jego część na rynku lekką przewag ę mieli sprzedający.Female infertility
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Female infertility | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | N97.0 |
| ICD-9 | 628 |
| DiseasesDB | 4786 |
| MedlinePlus | 001191 |
| eMedicine | med/3535 |
| MeSH | D007247 |
Female infertility refers to infertility in female humans.
Contents |
[edit] Causes
Factors relating only to female infertility are:
[edit] General factors
[edit] Age
Fertility starts declining after age 27 and drops at a somewhat greater rate after age 35. [1]
A study commissioned by RESOLVE [2], a non-profit patient advocacy organization, states that about three out of four people overestimate by five years the rapid decline in female fecundity with prime childbearing age occurring up to age 32 for females and a rapid decline at 35 instead of 40 as most people commonly believe.[3] The ASRM states, "...women in their 20's to early 30's are most likely to conceive."[4] Elite egg donor agencies such as A Perfect Match that advertise in places such as Ivy League student newspapers offering up to $20,000 or even $50,000 for donor eggs seek donors under the age of 29.[5]
Fertility specialist and book author Dr. Sherman Silber [6] puts it a different way: "Only 1% of women in their early 20’s are infertile but by their late 20’s, 16% [one in six] are infertile, and by their mid-30’s almost 25% [one in four] are infertile. By age 40, 60% [three in five] are infertile and by age 43 it would be a rare woman who is still fertile."[7] Because one in six can be infertile (before treatment) by their late 20's Dr. Silber recommends that a woman who expects to delay childbirth beyond age 30 have her gynecologist perform an antral follicle count ultrasound at about age 25. [8] Other fertility specialists such as book author Dr. Daniel Potter [9] recommend an FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) or other laboratory test instead of the antral follicle count ultrasound.[10]
The issues of age need to be taken up with a qualified fertility specialist such as a reproductive endocrinologist. Standard of care: Women over 35 who are attempting to conceive should seek the advice of a fertility specialist after six months of unprotected intercourse, or after one year if under the age of 35.[11]
[edit] Smoking
Smoking is harmful to the ovaries, and the degree of damage is dependent upon the amount and length of time a woman smokes. Nicotine and other harmful chemicals in cigarettes interfere with the body’s ability to create estrogen, a hormone that regulates folliculogenesis and ovulation, and cause egg cells to be more prone to genetic abnormalities. Some damage is irreversible, but stopping smoking can prevent further damage.[12][13]
[edit] Sexually transmitted infection
Sexually transmitted infections are a leading cause of infertility. They often display few, if any visible symptoms, with the risk of failing to seek proper treatment in time to prevent decreased fertility. [12]
[edit] Body weight and eating disorders
Twelve percent of all infertility cases are a result of a woman either being underweight or overweight. Fat cells produce estrogen,[14] in addition to the primary sex organs. Too much body fat causes production of too much androgen and the body begins to react as if it is on birth control, limiting the odds of getting pregnant.[12] Too little body fat causes insufficient production of estrogen and disruption of the menstrual cycle.[12] Both under and overweight women have irregular cycles in which ovulation does not occur or is inadequate.[12]
A study in the US indicated that approximately 20% of infertile women had a past or current eating disorder, which is five times higher than the general lifetime prevalence rate.[15]
[edit] Other general factors
- Significant liver or kidney disease
- Thrombophilia[16][17]
[edit] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors
[edit] Ovarian factors
- Diminished ovarian reserve, also see Poor Ovarian Reserve
- Gonadal dysgenesis (Turner syndrome)
[edit] Tubal (ectopic)/peritoneal factors
- Pelvic adhesions
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID, usually due to chlamydia)[21]
- Tubal dysfunction
[edit] Uterine factors
- Uterine fibroids (leiomyoma)
[edit] Cervical factors
[edit] Vaginal factors
- Vaginismus
- Vaginal obstruction
[edit] Genetic factors
- Various intersexed conditions, such as androgen insensitivity syndrome
[edit] Diagnosis
Diagnosis of infertility begins with a medical history and physical exam. The healthcare provider may order tests, including the following:
- Lab tests
- hormone testing, to measure levels of female hormones at certain times during a menstrual cycle
- day 2 or 3 measure of FSH and estrogen, to assess ovarian reserve
- measurements of thyroid function[28] (a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level of between 1 and 2 is considered optimal for conception)
- measurement of progesterone in the second half of the cycle to help confirm ovulation
- Examination and imaging
- an endometrial biopsy, to verify ovulation and inspect the lining of the uterus
- laparoscopy, which allows the provider to inspect the pelvic organs
- fertiloscopy, a relatively new surgical technique used for early diagnosis (and immediate treatment)
- Pap smear, to check for signs of infection
- pelvic exam, to look for abnormalities or infection
- a postcoital test, which is done soon after intercourse to check for problems with sperm surviving in cervical mucous (not commonly used now because of test unreliability)
- special X-ray tests
Diagnosis and treatment of infertility should be made by physicians who are fellowship trained as reproductive endocrinologists. Reproductive Endocrinologists are usually Obstetrician-Gynecologists with advanced training in Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility (in North America). These highly educated professionals and qualified physicians treat Reproductive Disorders affecting not only women but also men, children, and teens.
Prospective patients should note that reproductive endocrinology & infertility medical practices do not see women for general maternity care. The practice is primarily focused on helping their patients to conceive and to correct any issues related to recurring pregnancy loss.
[edit] Prevention
Some cases of female infertility may be prevented through identified interventions:
- Maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Excessive exercise, consumption of caffeine and alcohol, and smoking are all associated with decreased fertility. Eating a well-balanced, nutritious diet, with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables (plenty of folates), and maintaining a normal weight are associated with better fertility prospects.
- Treating or preventing existing diseases. Identifying and controlling chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypothyroidism increases fertility prospects. Lifelong practice of safer sex reduces the likelihood that sexually transmitted diseases will impair fertility; obtaining prompt treatment for sexually transmitted diseases reduces the likelihood that such infections will do significant damage. Regular physical examinations (including pap smears) help detect early signs of infections or abnormalities.
- Not delaying parenthood. Fertility does not ultimately cease before menopause, but it starts declining after age 27 and drops at a somewhat greater rate after age 35.[1] Women whose biological mothers had unusual or abnormal issues related to conceiving may be at particular risk for some conditions, such as premature menopause, that can be mitigated by not delaying parenthood.
[edit] References
- ^ a b "Study speeds up biological clocks / Fertility rates dip after women hit 27". http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/04/30/MN182697.DTL. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
- ^ http://www.resolve.org
- ^ http://www.resolve.org/site/PageServer?pagename=fmed_mcpr20051027 Section: Age, Timing of Decline
- ^ http://www.protectyourfertility.com/pdfs/age.pdf
- ^ http://www.aperfectmatch.com/fordonors.html See second bullet
- ^ http://www.amazon.com/How-Get-Pregnant-Sherman-Silber/dp/0316066508/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1243961497&sr=1-1
- ^ http://www.infertile.com/infertility-treatments/special-message.htm
- ^ Personal conversation early August, 2006
- ^ http://www.amazon.com/What-When-You-Cant-Pregnant/dp/1569243719/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1243961595&sr=1-1
- ^ Personal conversation early August, 2006
- ^ Fertility Specialists of Dallas Retrieved in 2009
- ^ a b c d e FERTILITY FACT > Female Risks By the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). Retrieved on Jan 4, 2009
- ^ http://www.protectyourfertility.com/pdfs/magazine1_v4.pdf
- ^ Nelson LR, Bulun SE (September 2001). "Estrogen production and action". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 45 (3 Suppl): S116–24. PMID 11511861.
- ^ Freizinger M, Franko DL, Dacey M, Okun B, Domar AD (November 2008). "The prevalence of eating disorders in infertile women". Fertil. Steril.. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.055. PMID 19006795.
- ^ Middeldorp S (2007). "Pregnancy failure and heritable thrombophilia". Semin. Hematol. 44 (2): 93–7. doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2007.01.005. PMID 17433901.
- ^ Qublan HS, Eid SS, Ababneh HA, et al. (2006). "Acquired and inherited thrombophilia: implication in recurrent IVF and embryo transfer failure". Hum. Reprod. 21 (10): 2694–8. doi:10.1093/humrep/del203. PMID 16835215.
- ^ Female Infertility
- ^ "eMedicine - Luteal Phase Dysfunction : Article by Thomas L Alderson, DO". http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1340.htm. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
- ^ Tomassetti C, Meuleman C, Pexsters A, et al. (2006). "Endometriosis, recurrent miscarriage and implantation failure: is there an immunological link?". Reprod. Biomed. Online 13 (1): 58–64. PMID 16820110.
- ^ Guven MA, Dilek U, Pata O, Dilek S, Ciragil P (2007). "Prevalance of Chlamydia trochomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis infections in the unexplained infertile women". Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 276 (3): 219–23. doi:10.1007/s00404-006-0279-z. PMID 17160569.
- ^ García-Ulloa AC, Arrieta O (2005). "Tubal occlusion causing infertility due to an excessive inflammatory response in patients with predisposition for keloid formation". Med. Hypotheses 65 (5): 908–14. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2005.03.031. PMID 16005574.
- ^ Raga F, Bauset C, Remohi J, Bonilla-Musoles F, Simón C, Pellicer A (1997). "Reproductive impact of congenital Müllerian anomalies". Hum. Reprod. 12 (10): 2277–81. doi:10.1093/humrep/12.10.2277. PMID 9402295.
- ^ Magos A (2002). "Hysteroscopic treatment of Asherman's syndrome". Reprod. Biomed. Online 4 Suppl 3: 46–51. PMID 12470565.
- ^ Tan Y, Bennett MJ (2007). "Urinary catheter stent placement for treatment of cervical stenosis". The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology 47 (5): 406–9. doi:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2007.00766.x (inactive 2008-06-24). PMID 17877600.
- ^ Francavilla F, Santucci R, Barbonetti A, Francavilla S (2007). "Naturally-occurring antisperm antibodies in men: interference with fertility and clinical implications. An update". Front. Biosci. 12: 2890–911. doi:10.2741/2280. PMID 17485267.
- ^ Farhi J, Valentine A, Bahadur G, Shenfield F, Steele SJ, Jacobs HS (1995). "In-vitro cervical mucus-sperm penetration tests and outcome of infertility treatments in couples with repeatedly negative post-coital tests". Hum. Reprod. 10 (1): 85–90. PMID 7745077.
- ^ Wartofsky L, Van Nostrand D, Burman KD (2006). "Overt and 'subclinical' hypothyroidism in women". Obstetrical & gynecological survey 61 (8): 535–42. doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000228778.95752.66. PMID 16842634.