Miniony tydzień na rynku złotego upłynął pod znakiem lekkiej korekty notowań polskiej waluty.
Kończący się tydzień rozpoczął się od umocnienia złotego, ale przez większą jego część na rynku lekką przewag ę mieli sprzedający.
Kluczowe znaczenie będą mieć dzisiaj dane o sprzedaży detalicznej w USA (godz. 14:30) i nastrojach konsumenckich Uniw. Michigan (godz. 15:55).Christmas elf
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A Christmas elf is a fictional diminutive creature (elf) that in modern times supposedly lives with Santa Claus in the North Pole and acts as his helper. Christmas elves are often depicted as green or red clad with pointy ears, long noses, and pointy hats. Santa's elves are often said to make the toys in Santa's workshop and take care of his reindeer, among other tasks. Elves in general originate from pagan stories in northern Europe and were introduced into the Santa Claus tale during the 19th Century, including in some cases where Santa Claus himself is an elf. Santa's assistants can be different depending on the country with a wide variety in western and northern Europe alone.
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[edit] Origin
Elves are originally associated with Paganism particularly in the Germanic region who saw them as creatures of light who lived in the heavens. Depicted as both male or female, but tiny or dwarf-like whilst being both youthful and immortal, and displaying magic powers.[1]
Another pagan origin is in Scandinavia where people believed "house gnomes" defended their home against evil. The perception of these gnomes depended on if a person acted naughty or nice, as if you were good then the gnomes were good to you, but if you were naughty then the gnomes would play tricks on you. Some of these tricks reported were to give a person nightmares by sitting on their head while they slept, turning your milk sour or stealing your sausages. Bowls of porridge were left on doorsteps to keep the house elves happy.[1]
[edit] Modern elves
The modern Christmas elf appeared as early as 1856 when Louisa May Alcott completed, but never published a book entitled "Christmas Elves". The elves can also be seen in engravings from 1873 in Godey's Lady's Book, showing them surrounding Santa whilst at work. Additional recognition was given in Edward Eggleston's 1876 work "The House of Santa Claus, a Christmas Fairy Show for Sunday Schools".[2]
The image of the elves in the workshop was popularised by Godey's Lady's Book, with a front cover illustration for its 1873 Christmas Issue showing Santa surrounded by toys and elves with the caption "Here we have an idea of the preparations that are made to supply the young folks with toys at Christmas time".[2] During this time Godey's was immensely influential to the birth of Christmas traditions, having shown the first widely circulated picture of a modern Christmas tree on the front cover of it' 1850 Christmas issue.[3]
In the USA, Canada, and Britain, the modern children's folklore of Santa Claus typically includes diminutive elves at Christmas; green-clad elves with pointy ears, long noses, and pointy hats as Santa's assistants or hired workers. They make the toys in a workshop located in the North Pole. In recent years, other toys—usually high-tech toys like computers, video games, DVDs and DVD players, and even mobile phones—have also been depicted as being ready for delivery, but not necessarily made, in the workshop as well. In this portrayal, elves slightly resemble nimble and delicate versions of the dwarves of Norse mythology.
[edit] St. Nicholas as an elf
In Clement Clarke Moore's 1823 poem A Visit from St. Nicholas (more commonly known today as Twas the Night Before Christmas), Santa Claus himself is described in line 45 as "He was chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf".[4] Prior to the influence of St. Nicholas in Sweden, the job of giving out gifts was done by the Yule Goat. However by 1870 the saint became so well known that he could no longer be ignored. However, he became merged with the Tomten, which was previously an elvish/dwarfish farm guardian, and following the work of artist Jenny Nyström, becoming known as the Jultomten.[5]
[edit] In films and television
Christmas elves have had their role expanded in modern films and television. For instance in Santa Claus: The Movie, the elves are a type of craft guild making traditional toys by hand and looking after Santa's reindeer.[6] The elves' workshop is also featured regularly in films, such as in Elf (film) from 2003, starring Will Ferrell.[7] and of course the 1932 Disney short film Santa's Workshop which features Santa Claus and his elves preparing for Christmas.[8]
Disney would return to the theme of Christmas elves for their 2009 short film Disney Prep and Landing, which tells the tale of an elite group of elves that make houses ready for Santa's deliveries. It was the first holiday special made by Walt Disney Animation Studios.[9]
[edit] Around the world
In different countries, Santa's helpers go by different names. In Iceland they are the Yule Lads who between December 12 and 24, a different Lad visit homes each day to leave presents and play tricks on children. In the Netherlands, the companion is called Zwarte Piet (Black Peter), in Germany they are the Knecht Ruprecht and in Luxembourg they are known as Hoesecker. In the eastern regions of France, Père Fouettard accompanies Santa Claus, distributing coal to the naughty children.[10]
In Nordic countries an elf will usually wear only red instead of the red and green outfits they are known for in English speaking countries.[10]
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
[edit] References
- ^ a b "Origin and Secrets of Christmas Elves". theHolidaySpot.com. http://www.theholidayspot.com/christmas/history/elves.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
- ^ a b Restad, Penne L. (1996). Christmas in America: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0195109801.
- ^ Shoemaker, Alfred L. (2009). Christmas in Pennsylvania: A Folk-cultural Study. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0811705066.
- ^ Van Deusen, Mary S.. "Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas". Intermedia Enterprises. http://iment.com/maida//familytree/henry/xmas/poemvariants/troysentinel1823.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
- ^ Swahn, Jan-Öjvind. "Christmas - Festival of gifts, candles and groaning tables". Christmas Magazine. http://www.christmasmagazine.com/en/spirit/xmas_sweden03.asp. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (1985-11-27). "Santa Claus: The Movie". Chicago Sun-Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19851127/REVIEWS/511270302/1023. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
- ^ Wolski, C.A.. "A Surreal Christmas Story". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/reviews/?id=5&p=.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
- ^ "Santa's Workshop". The Encyclopaedia of Disney Animated Shorts. http://www.disneyshorts.org/years/1932/santasworkshop.html. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
- ^ "“Disney Prep & Landing” : The making of a modern Christmas classic". Jim Hill Media. http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2009/12/08/disney-prep-landing-the-making-of-a-modern-christmas-classic.aspx. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
- ^ a b Rae, Jaci. "The History of Santa's Elves (Elf)". ChristmasWithLove.com. http://www.christmaswithlove.com/history_of_elfs.html. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
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